Drought has severe consequences for agricultural production, leading to significant economic and social impacts. Lack of water directly harms crop development and growth, reducing yields and quality1. Drought intensifies water stress in plants, making them more susceptible to diseases and pests1. Economically, drought causes substantial losses for farmers through decreased productivity and increased production costs2. The effects ripple through the food supply chain, potentially raising consumer prices3. Drought can also deplete both surface and groundwater supplies, limiting irrigation capabilities3. In extreme cases, farmers may be forced to destroy crops or remove orchard trees, with long-term implications for production4. Overall, drought poses a critical threat to food security and agricultural livelihoods, necessitating adaptive strategies and water conservation measures to build resilience in the sector13.

Brazil faces significant energy supply challenges despite its relatively clean energy matrix. While nearly 45% of primary energy demand is met by renewables, making Brazil's energy sector one of the least carbon-intensive globally, the country still grapples with issues of energy security and sustainability1. Recent droughts have forced Brazil to rely more heavily on expensive thermal power plants and imports to meet electricity demand, highlighting vulnerabilities in its hydropower-dominated system2. The country's large and complex grid system, which has not fully kept pace with energy transition demands, loses about 16% of generated power2. Additionally, Brazil's continued expansion of oil production, with plans to become the world's fifth-largest crude oil exporter by 2030, presents a challenge in balancing environmental protection with energy security goals34.