A pilot study conducted by researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) found that a single piece of gum can release up to 637 microplastic particles per gram, with 94% of these particles being released within the first 8 minutes of chewing12. The average gum consumer chews between 160 and 180 sticks annually, potentially ingesting around 30,000 microplastic particles from gum alone23. Both synthetic and natural gums were found to contain microplastics, with synthetic gums containing polymers such as polyethylene terephthalates (PET) and polystyrenes, while natural gums often include plant-based polyolefins used in food packaging24.

While research on the health effects of microplastic ingestion is still emerging, studies suggest potential risks associated with exposure. Microplastics have been linked to inflammation, DNA damage, and metabolic disorders1. They may also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease1. The small size of these particles allows them to accumulate in the bloodstream and organs when inhaled or ingested12. Some experts believe that the ingestion of microplastics is "probably not a good thing" and could be associated with negative health outcomes3. However, it's important to note that the long-term effects of microplastic exposure on human health are not yet fully understood, and more research is needed to draw definitive conclusions2.

To reduce microplastic exposure from chewing gum and other sources, consumers can take several practical steps:

• Limit gum consumption, as the average person chews 160-180 pieces annually1.

• Opt for filtered tap water over bottled water to reduce microplastic intake2.

• Use reusable containers and avoid single-use plastics for food storage3.

• Select clothing made from natural fibers to minimize shedding of synthetic microfibers2.

While completely eliminating microplastic exposure may be challenging, these measures can help minimize personal intake and environmental impact. As research on microplastics continues, staying informed about emerging findings and recommendations is crucial for making informed choices23.

Humans are exposed to microplastics through various routes, with ingestion and inhalation being the primary pathways. The average person is estimated to ingest between 74,000 and 121,000 microplastic particles annually through food, water, and air12. Inhalation of indoor air and consumption of bottled water are considered major sources of exposure1.

Common everyday items contributing to microplastic exposure include:

• Synthetic clothing and textiles

• Personal care products containing microbeads

• Food packaging and containers

• Dust from urban areas

• Car tires and road markings

• Canned drinks and foods34

While the full health implications of microplastic exposure are still being studied, research suggests potential risks including inflammation, cardiovascular problems, and impacts on the immune system54. To reduce exposure, individuals can filter drinking water, avoid plastic food containers, and minimize use of products containing microplastics6.

Contrary to initial expectations, both natural and synthetic gums release similar amounts of microplastics when chewed12. Researchers found that natural gums, despite being plant-based, contained polyolefins—polymers typically used in food packaging—which accounted for up to 50% of the identified particles1. Synthetic gums, on the other hand, contained high levels of PET and polystyrenes along with petrochemical substances like synthetic rubber and polyvinyl acetate1. This surprising discovery challenges the assumption that natural gums are inherently safer or more environmentally friendly. The study revealed that a gram of gum, regardless of its origin, released an average of 100 microplastic fragments, with some samples shedding over 600 particles32.