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Nagasaki Atomic Bombing
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On August 9, 1945, the United States dropped the "Fat Man" atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan, marking the second and final use of nuclear weapons in warfare. As reported by the National WWII Museum, the B-29 bomber "Bock's Car" released the 10,000-pound plutonium implosion device over the city, resulting in devastating destruction and loss of life.
How the "Fat Man" Bomb Changed History
britannica.com
The "Fat Man" bomb dropped on Nagasaki was a complex plutonium implosion device developed as part of the Manhattan Project. Unlike the simpler uranium-based "Little Boy" used on Hiroshima, Fat Man utilized a spherical plutonium core surrounded by high explosives designed to create a symmetrical implosion, compressing the plutonium to critical density and triggering a nuclear chain reaction
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. The bomb's development was challenging, requiring new experimental techniques and theoretical approaches3
. Strategic decisions leading to its use included President Truman's authorization to hasten Japan's surrender and the selection of targets. Nagasaki was chosen as the secondary target after clouds obscured the primary target of Kokura on August 9, 19454
. The decision to use Fat Man just days after Little Boy was based on concerns about changing weather conditions and the belief that rapid successive bombings would convince Japan of America's nuclear capabilities4
.4 sources
The Bombing Mission
military-history.fan...
The B-29 Superfortress bomber Bockscar, piloted by Major Charles Sweeney, carried out the atomic bombing mission on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The mission faced several challenges, including an inoperative fuel transfer pump discovered during pre-flight inspection, which made it impossible to use 640 US gallons of fuel
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. After failing to drop the bomb on the primary target of Kokura due to cloud cover, Bockscar proceeded to the secondary target of Nagasaki. The Fat Man bomb was released at 11:02 a.m. local time, detonating at an altitude of 1,650 feet with a yield of 21 kilotons. Following the mission, Bockscar faced a critical fuel shortage and barely made it to an emergency landing at Yontan Airfield on Okinawa, touching down with only minutes of fuel remaining1
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Devastation and Aftermath
icanw.org
The atomic bombing of Nagasaki resulted in devastating consequences, with an estimated 73,000 people killed by the end of 1945 and many more injured
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. The blast destroyed approximately 44% of the city, particularly the industrial area where Mitsubishi operated military factories2
. However, Nagasaki's geography, with its series of hills, somewhat confined the initial blast and restricted the damage compared to Hiroshima2
. The bomb's detonation directly above the Mitsubishi factories, rather than the more densely populated residential areas, also mitigated some of the destruction2
. Despite this, the human toll was catastrophic, with survivors facing long-term health effects including increased rates of cancer and other radiation-induced diseases that continue to affect hibakusha (bomb survivors) to this day3
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Atomic Legacy and Debate
ahf.nuclearmuseum.or...
The use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki remains one of the most controversial decisions in military history, sparking ongoing debates about its necessity and morality. Supporters argue the bombings were crucial to ending World War II quickly and saving lives by avoiding a land invasion of Japan
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. Critics contend the attacks were unnecessary, immoral, and constituted war crimes against civilians2
. This debate has profoundly shaped nuclear policy, with many nations pursuing nuclear weapons as deterrents while simultaneously working towards non-proliferation and disarmament3
. The bombings' legacy continues to influence international relations, as evidenced by ongoing tensions over nuclear programs and the persistent goal of a world free of nuclear weapons, highlighted by President Obama's historic visit to Hiroshima in 20161
. Public opinion on the justification for the bombings has shifted over time, with younger generations less likely to view them as necessary, reflecting evolving perspectives on warfare ethics and nuclear weapons1
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Related
How did the public opinion in the U.S. shift over time regarding the atomic bombings
What were the main arguments of the revisionist historians about the bombings
How did the Potsdam Declaration influence the decision to use atomic bombs
What role did the Soviet Union's invasion of Manchuria play in Japan's surrender
How did John Hersey's *Hiroshima* influence American perception of the bombings
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